Quantum Mechanics

Essential formulas and concepts in quantum mechanics

Planck-Einstein Relation

\(E = h\,f\)

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Indicates that electromagnetic radiation is quantized into photons, each with energy proportional to frequency. Higher frequency (e.g., X-rays) means higher energy per photon than lower frequency (e.g., radio waves).

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de Broglie Wavelength

\(\displaystyle \lambda = \frac{h}{p}\)

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Schrödinger’s Equation (Time-Independent)

\(-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^2 \psi + V \psi = E \psi\)

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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

\(\displaystyle \Delta x\,\Delta p \ge \frac{\hbar}{2}\)

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There’s a fundamental limit to how precisely we can simultaneously know certain pairs of observables (like position and momentum). This is not due to measurement flaws, but inherent to quantum systems.

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Photoelectric Effect (Energy Conservation)

\(K_{\text{max}} = h f - \phi\)

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